The Long Swell

Crops · dekad 2026-08-11

Madagascar

1 of 22 crop regions in Madagascar are at their worst on record for this point in the season. Its highest in any previous year was 6, on a recent average of 1.5.

Six of Madagascar's 22 crop regions have never looked worse than they do today.

Three instruments, 22 regions, one day. Each region against its own 26 years, never against another region.

Vegetation, current

6 of 22 regions at their own record

Madagascar: 0.58 standard deviations below normal

Anosy. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsinanana. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Bongolava. 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Haute Matsiatra. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Ihorombe. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vatovavy F.. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Amoron I Mania. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo Andrefana. 13th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Itasy. 11th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analamanga. 7th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Menabe. 13th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sava. 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Diana. 14th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Androy. 9th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Melaky. 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo A.. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Alaotra Mangoro. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Betsiboka. 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analanjirofo. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sofia. 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vakinankaratra. 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Boeny. 10th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Water satisfaction

9 of 22 regions at their own record

Madagascar: 43% of crop water need met, normally 48%

Anosy. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsinanana. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Bongolava. 25th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Haute Matsiatra. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Ihorombe. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vatovavy F.. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Amoron I Mania. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo Andrefana. 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Itasy. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analamanga. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Menabe. 11th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sava. 12th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Diana. 25th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Androy. 2nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Melaky. 15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo A.. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Alaotra Mangoro. 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Betsiboka. 3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analanjirofo. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sofia. 15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vakinankaratra. lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Boeny. 12th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Rainfall, 3-month

0 of 22 regions at their own record

Madagascar: 0.32 standard deviations above normal

Anosy. 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsinanana. 17th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Bongolava. 26th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Haute Matsiatra. 16th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Ihorombe. 20th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vatovavy F.. 15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Amoron I Mania. 21st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo Andrefana. 22nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Itasy. 16th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analamanga. 22nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Menabe. 22nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sava. 16th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Diana. 21st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Androy. 7th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Melaky. 8th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Atsimo A.. 14th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Alaotra Mangoro. 19th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Betsiboka. 21st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Analanjirofo. 19th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Sofia. 18th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Vakinankaratra. 15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026Boeny. 14th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Colour
at this region's normalfar below
Outline
A heavy outline is that region's worst in 26 years. Different facts: a region can be dark without an outline, meaning far from normal but it has been worse, or outlined without being darkest, a record but a narrow one.
One scale, three instruments
Every panel saturates at 2.5 standard deviations below that region's own normal, so a colour means the same distance-from-normal on all three. It does not mean the same consequence: these measure different things and move at different speeds. The figures under each heading stay in the instrument's own units.

A fourth instrument is not shown here. Cumulative vegetation, the crop-outcome measure closest to yield, reads 4th of 26 for this country with one region at a record. It integrates from the start of the season, so it is structurally the last to move and reads calmest exactly when a fast deterioration is under way. It is left off the panels to keep three maps comparable in kind; it is on the page in full below.

Vegetation, cumulativethe harvest measure1of 22
Vegetation, current6of 22
Water satisfaction9of 22
Rainfall, 3-month0of 22
Temperature3of 22

What moved, and when

Each square is one dekad, and its shade shows how many of this country’s crop regions stood at their own worst on record for that point in the season. Rows are ordered by how much time each instrument summarises, shortest first, because a shorter window can move sooner. That order is fixed and is the same on every country page.

Vegetation, currentthis dekad
Soil moisturethis dekad
Temperaturethis dekad
Rainfall, 3-monththe past 3 months
Vegetation, cumulativethe season so far, from sowing
Water satisfactionthe season so far, as a water balance
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAug
none at a recordone regionfewer than a thirda third to three quartersmost or alltoo few regions reporting to saynot reported
What connects these rows

The driver is water. This section says what moved and when. It never says because.

These 23 dekads were picked rather than derived. A shorter window changes which peak looks like the first, and a sequence visible inside a window may not exist outside it.

How bad is it, against this country’s own record

Five instruments read together our combination, not an observation

4th worst of 26 years at this point in the season

The 4th most stressed of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026, across 5 instruments read together

202620012026

What the instruments say

The canopy is in its worst third, while water satisfaction is in their worst third and rainfall is in their best third.

Each track is that instrument’s own 26 years, worst on the left.

Vegetation, cumulative-0.364th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.624th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction43%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.3019th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature19.9 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Five instruments, each against its own 26 years for this point in the season. They are shown together because they can disagree: a region can sit at a record low on vegetation while water or rainfall sits in its best third. 38 of the 196 regions at a record low on current vegetation have water or rainfall sitting in its own best third at the same moment, about one in five. This page reports where each one sits and does not say what caused what.

Every region of Madagascar, worst to least

Each bar is the full spread of that region’s previous 25 years at this point in the season. The dot is this year. A dot at the left of a wide bar and a dot at the left of a narrow bar are different findings, which is why the history is drawn rather than described.

its normalworsebetterAnosyBongolavaIhorombeHaute MatsiatraItasyAmoron I ManiaVatovavy F.AtsinananaAndroySavaAnalamangaAtsimo AndrefanaMelakyAlaotra MangoroDianaMenabeAtsimo A.BetsibokaSofiaAnalanjirofoBoenyVakinankaratra

Regions in colour are at their worst on record. The rest are placed on the same scale so a single deep region inside an otherwise ordinary country reads differently from a country where the whole distribution has moved.

Anosy

-1.54 lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-1.54lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.923rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction39%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.835th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature20.9 °C8th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Bongolava

-1.11 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-1.114th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.906th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction16%25th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+2.2326th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature21.7 °C6th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Ihorombe

-1.06 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-1.064th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.84lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction69%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+1.1420th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature19.2 °Chighest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Haute Matsiatra

-1.04 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-1.044th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.43lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction66%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.6116th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature16.3 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Itasy

-0.85 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.855th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.4911th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction31%3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.2316th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature16.9 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Amoron I Mania

-0.77 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.775th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.26lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction75%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.9921st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature15.1 °C3rd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Vatovavy F.

-0.69 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.694th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.86lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction90%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.3115th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature19.8 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Atsinanana

-0.59 4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.594th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.063rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction93%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.1817th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature20.5 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Androy

-0.55 8th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.558th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.539th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction34%2nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.457th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature20.4 °C13th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Sava

-0.44 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.446th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.446th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction90%12th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.0216th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature20.4 °Chighest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Analamanga

-0.41 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.416th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.567th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction41%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.4622nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature16.3 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Atsimo Andrefana

-0.40 5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.405th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.0513th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction23%5th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.3622nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature23.0 °C11th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Melaky

-0.36 8th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.368th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.794th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction50%15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.338th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature24.0 °C11th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Alaotra Mangoro

-0.32 10th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.3210th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.74lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction77%4th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.5919th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature18.6 °Chighest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Diana

-0.27 7th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.277th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.1714th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction69%25th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.6721st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature25.1 °C3rd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Menabe

-0.26 6th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.266th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.0313th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction29%11th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.3322nd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature24.0 °C14th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Atsimo A.

-0.17 9th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.179th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-1.32lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction91%3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.0514th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature19.9 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Betsiboka

-0.10 10th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.1010th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.416th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction47%3rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.0021st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature26.6 °C4th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Sofia

-0.02 12th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative-0.0212th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.415th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction39%15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.2918th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature24.9 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Analanjirofo

+0.02 11th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative+0.0211th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.713rd lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction97%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.4019th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature20.7 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Boeny

+0.29 21st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

Vegetation here usually tracks water availability.

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative+0.2921st lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.2110th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction25%12th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month-0.3114th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature26.3 °C4th highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

Vakinankaratra

+0.29 15th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

20012026
Vegetation, cumulative+0.2915th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Vegetation, current-0.415th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Water satisfaction46%lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Rainfall, 3-month+0.1415th lowest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026
Soil moisturenot reportedSoil moisture has not reported for this dekad. Its newest observation is 1 dekad behind the crop-outcome instrument.
Temperature14.5 °C2nd highest of 26 observations for this point in the season, 2001-2026

same dekad, 2001-2025

This measurement is of the crop canopy and not of what stressed it: heat, drought, disease and late planting are not separable here, which is why no claim on this page names a cause.

Kristjan Lepik (2026). The Long Swell, Crops. thelongswell.com