How hot has the summer been?
At least 23 of these 46 cities have had more hot days in their latest summer than in any year on record.
These forty-six stations were chosen for where heat was expected rather than as a sample of the continent. A hot day means hot for that city: 41.2 °C in Seville, 23.8 °C in Aberdeen. Each is measured against its own thermometer and its own history, never against the others. Where a city's summer is already over, the latest complete one is the one counted.
This is 46 thermometers, not a temperature map. Nothing between the marks means anything. Bigger mark, bigger margin over that city's own record.
Each row is one city's entire record, one mark per summer. Alicante's 36 hot days beat all 88 summers it has on file. Helsinki's 5 beat 48 in 100 of its own. A crowded row is just a longer record.
Alicante1st of 88 summers · to 6 Nov36vs 8Basel1st of 144 summers · to 9 Nov47vs 4Bilbao1st of 79 summers · to 6 Nov21vs 4Bordeaux1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov46vs 2Cologne1st of 69 summers · to 9 Nov23vs 3Frankfurt1st of 87 summers · to 9 Nov33vs 3Geneva1st of 73 summers · to 9 Nov37vs 2London1st of 78 summers · to 9 Nov35vs 3Lugano1st of 162 summers · to 9 Nov55vs 5Lyon1st of 52 summers · to 8 Nov28vs 1Marseille1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov50vs 2Montpellier1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov32vs 2Munich1st of 72 summers · to 9 Nov34vs 3Murcia1st of 43 summers · to 6 Nov18vs 3Nice1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov55vs 3Paris1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov38vs 2Rome1st of 73 summers · to 31 Aug51vs 3Strasbourg1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov44vs 3Stuttgart1st of 69 summers · to 9 Nov35vs 3Toulouse1st of 77 summers · to 8 Nov38vs 3Vienna1st of 172 summers · to 9 Nov32vs 2Zaragoza1st of 76 summers · to 6 Nov36vs 3Zurich1st of 145 summers · to 9 Nov38vs 4Aberdeen16th of 70 summers · to 10 Aug5vs 3Amsterdam7th of 76 summers · to 8 Nov11vs 3Barcelona2nd of 86 summers · to 6 Nov52vs 3Belfast8th of 96 summers · to 9 Nov11vs 3Berlin10th of 79 summers · to 9 Nov12vs 3Budapest3rd of 41 summers · to 3 Nov15vs 0Dresden3rd of 78 summers · to 9 Nov16vs 3Hamburg9th of 91 summers · to 9 Nov11vs 3Hanover7th of 88 summers · to 9 Nov12vs 3Helsinki30th of 56 summers · to 9 Nov5vs 4Larnaca6th of 51 summers · to 31 Aug10vs 3Leipzig4th of 142 summers · to 9 Nov15vs 3Madrid3rd of 106 summers · to 6 Nov30vs 1Malaga3rd of 79 summers · to 6 Nov13vs 4Nottingham2nd of 69 summers · to 9 Nov20vs 3Palma3rd of 49 summers · to 6 Nov24vs 2Prague5th of 56 summers · to 31 Oc18vs 3Seville9th of 76 summers · to 6 Nov9vs 2Stockholm26th of 76 summers · to 9 Nov6vs 3Tallinn24th of 47 summers · to 31 Jul2vs 1Valencia3rd of 89 summers · to 6 Nov15vs 3Vilnius22nd of 128 summers · to 31 Aug11vs 3Zagreb3rd of 146 summers · to 31 Aug33vs 2Also measured, outside the map: Algiers, Laboulaye, Mar del Plata, Neuquen, Parana, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Trelew.
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If one measure could stand in for the other, these two would lean the same way. They lean opposite ways. 25 cities show no night figure at all. They average under two hot nights a year, and dividing by a base that small gives you a big number and no evidence.
These forty-six stations were chosen for where heat was expected rather than as a sample of the continent. A hot day means hot for that city: 41.2 °C in Seville, 23.8 °C in Aberdeen. Each is measured against its own thermometer and its own history, never against the others. Where a city's summer is already over, the latest complete one is the one counted.